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Virtual ophthalmoscopy in cormorants
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WitmerLab at Ohio University
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WitmerLab doctoral student Donald G. Cerio developed a technique called “virtual ophthalmoscopy” to model and measure the visual fields of vertebrates, which was published in January 2020 in Vision Research (http://bit.ly/2RLF1So). This model is one of several species used for validating the virtual or “in-silico” workflow by comparing these results with in-vivo findings. Here, we modeled the visual field of Phalacrocorax carbo using the skull and interpupillary distance of OUVC 10982, a similarly sized double-crested cormorant, P. auritus. Blue represents contralateral overlap (binocular field), red represents the visual field of a single eye (monocular field), and grey represents the blind area. Yellow dots represent in-vivo data (Martin et al. 2008: http://bit.ly/2IFT05z), showing close correspondence of “virtual ophthalmoscopic” visual fields with those measured by Martin et al. in vivo. A VO barn owl is here: https://skfb.ly/6PVTw.

Published
Jul 1st 2018
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WitmerLab at Ohio University
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@Shawna.Snyder Don Cerio here. My apologies, first, for seeing your question well after you asked it! Birds do indeed have a physiological blind spot at the optic nerve head, but there hasn't been very much attention paid to it in the literature since Walls wrote about it in The Vertebrate Eye. However, birds also have a retinal structure called the pecten oculi, a large capillary bed that protrudes from the optic nerve head and supplies the retina with oxygen (https://doi.org/10.1038/343362a0). It turns out the pecten produces a large blind area—and that blind area may have functional and behavioral consequences! We are interested in the impact of the pecten on visual fields, but we are still working on modeling its effects. Please stay tuned, we'll be looking at more species as time goes on!

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Shawna.Snyder
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Hello! I'm more familiar with human anatomy, but do birds not have blind spots in their field of view due to the optic nerve? Or is there a reason why the optic nerve blind spot was left off this representation? Cool project overall!

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